George Washington Carver's Inventions

George Washington Carver was one of the largest African-American who invented several products from agricultural crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes and soybeans .. His most important invention was the method of crop rotation.

"When you do the common things in life are rarely will command the attention of the world." - George Washington Carver

In 1864, July 12 George Washington, born near Diamond, Missouri. Apparently, Moses Carver bought Mary the mother of George October 9th, 1855 by William P. McGinnis. A night fighters abducted with her mother and sister. Moses saved George Carver and took him home. Moses and his wife raised George Washington as their own child. They allowed him to use the name "Carver". This is why George Washington was George Washington Carver.

Had to travel about 10 miles south of Diamond Grove to get to his school. He attended a small school, the only school in which blacks were adopted. George has received a high school diploma high school in Minneapolis.

In 1887, George Washington, joined Simpson College in Indianola. In 891 he became the first African-American students being admitted to the College of Agriculture at Iowa State. He received his undergraduate degree in agriculture in 1894 and his Ph.D. in 1896.

George Washington Carver Inventions

Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver was offered a professorship in normal and Industrial Institute for Negroes, Tuskegee, 1897. While at Tuskegee, Carver studied the problems faced by farmers growing cotton and has developed a method to retain nutrients in the soil. This method became known as a method of crop rotation. This is one of many inventions and most important of George Washington Carver. He emphasized the planting of crops such as groundnuts, potatoes sweat and pecans to enrich the soil after each harvest of cotton.

Carver helped create new markets for farmers to find 300 uses for peanuts and hundreds of uses for pecans, sweet potatoes and soybeans. Method of crop rotation is considered a major achievement of George Washington Carver, as in the 19th century, the U.S. economy was an agricultural economy.

George Washington Carver invented 500 different shades of color from agricultural crops. Originally textile dyes imported from Europe. He has studied extensively in the development of industrial products from agricultural crops.

In 1927, GW Carver invented the process of producing paints and stains soy. He was given three patent rights in this process. Point worth mentioning George Washington Carver never patented or have received most of the profits of his inventions and discoveries. This is what he would say about his inventions, "God has given me, how can I sell to someone else?".

George Washington Carver worked with Henry Ford to develop the synthetic rubber from soybeans.

He invented the "chemistry cook stove." This has been formulated to improve the diet of families who were unable to afford meat and was low in protein and vitamins. He encouraged the consumption of cowpea and groundnut as alternative protein sources. He was affectionately called the "plant doctor" and his nickname was "Peanut."

Although his inventions, Carver had the patent rights for only three products. Some of the products developed from peanut butter, peanut butter lovers favorite among snacks, shaving cream, enamel, leather and fabric dyeing, laxative, tonic and hair and so on. Some of the food he invented from peanuts include salad oil, instant coffee, coca, mayonnaise, etc.. He invented the flour, sugar, yeast, wood stains, medicines and food for animals and many more sweet potatoes.

In 1940, he attended all his savings to the establishment of Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee. In 1977, George Washington Carver was elected, "Hall of Fame, the American people." In 1990, he became the first African-American, and "The National Inventors Hall of Fame", in Akron, Ohio. In 1943, aged 79, George Washington Carver left for heavenly abode.

Brad Pitt Comments on Jennifer Aniston Complementary Retracts 'Dull'

Brad Pitt's recent interview with "Parade" magazine led to a scandal over what was perceived as the famous actor dissing his ex-wife Jennifer Aniston. Asked about his previous life, Pitt said in the interview, "it became very clear to me that I had intended to try to find a movie about an interesting life, but I do not live an interesting life for myself. I think my marriage had nothing to do with it. Try to believe that marriage was something he was not. "

Pitt and Aniston separated in 2005 and since then his search for a new companion is well told, as a love story of Pitt with Angelina Jolie - as well as their adoption, which shows the results for children (in fact it is only a 6 ... so far) - is also covered by the media. But Pitt insists it is not trying to intimate that Aniston was boring. While Jolie is certainly a number of peculiarities that can make her look more interesting - Making out with his brother and creates paintings from human blood, comes to mind - certainly Aniston is also interesting.

Notes label printing Pitt, "And I'm sorry that this was interpreted in this way. Jen is an incredible problem, loving and cheerful woman, who remains my friend. This is an important relationship I appreciate a lot. Soon I was trying to do is that Jen was boring, but I was getting boring for me. And this, I replied. "Although my support is not something that celebrities often deserve, in this case, Pitt's initial comments could be interpreted as denigrating Aniston, however, so is now back down is not so much seem to be, "" Oops moment so something had to be effectively taken out of context or misinterpreted.

Famous Men Golfers

Tiger Woods

It is now up golfer in the world of professional golf, Eldrick "Tiger" Woods was born in 1975 and started playing this game at an early age of 13, he won the junior championship six times. In the year 1992, Tiger Woods was honored as a player in the world amateur golf. He started playing professional golf in 1996. Tiger Woods has established a unique record of winning 61 PGA titles in his career. Apart from these victories on the PGA Tour, he also won 22 other golf tournaments at the professional level.


Jack Nicklaus

It is one of the famous American golfer, and also known as "The Golden Bear". Jack Nicklaus has been ranked as the No. 1 golfer in a note McCormack Golf World "from 1968 to 1977. He managed to keep the No. 1 ranking by winning the largest number of major championships. The year 1962 brought a great victory for Jack Nicklaus with a win over Arnold Palmer in U.S. Open. In the year 1966, he became the first golfer to win the "Masters" for two consecutive years. Between 1971 and 1980, won the Jack Nicklaus nine major championships and surpassed the record of winning 13 majors, set by Bobby Jones.



Arnold Palmer

Arnold dubbed as 'The King' Palmer is one of the greatest golfers of all time. With the popularity of television sports wins in the decade of the 1950s, Arnold Palmer has been a huge fan following. Arnold Palmer was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania (September 10, 1929) and took golf lessons from his father Decon Palmer. In the year 1954, Palmer won the U.S. Amateur Championship and then took the game of golf seriously. He won the Canadian Open in 1955, while the Masters Tournament in 1958 (his first major championship).

Famous African American Women

In all aspects of our lives, we always ask how I value? What is my value? But I think dignity is our birthright. ~ Oprah Winfrey

Many women of talent have the determination and perseverance to achieve their dreams and make a mark for themselves in their respective fields. These women have focused on a firm target and continued passion and enthusiasm came to a place where not only succeed, but lend a hand and contribute to the welfare of others. The following are profiles of some famous African-American women, who have excelled in their respective fields and are a constant source of inspiration for women than men in the world.

Famous African American Women

Angela Davis

I think it is important to activist work is precisely because it allows you to give something back and do not consider themselves as an individual, which may have realized that being part of a course historical movement. ~ Angela Davis

Angela Davis came into activism as part of the student union coordination of non-violence. Later he became an active member of the views of American political and joined the Black Panthers and the black power politics during the 1960 and 1970. Angela Davis was also linked to the murder of Judge Harold Haley during an attempt to break Prison Black Panther, when she fled underground, and was the FBI most wanted list. He was eventually arrested, tried and released, what can be described as one of the most famous trials in recent history of the United States. In 1968 he joined the Communist Party and also ran the U.S. vice-president in 1980 elections. After this, Angela Davis is a well-known activist and writer, supporting women's rights and racial justice. He continued his career as a philosopher and professor at the University of Santa Cruz and San Francisco University. She works for racial equality and gender equality and the abolition of the prison.

She has gained recognition as a popular public speaker not only nationally but also internationally. She is the founder of the anti-prison of the base called Critical Resistance, a national organization working to build a mass movement to dismantle the prison-industrial complex and we believe that putting people in a cage that will not make society safe.


Gwendolyn Brooks

I, who have spent the entire range of almost angry rejection of my dark skin by some of my brothers and sisters brainwashed queenhood a surprise in the new Black Sunam qualified to enter at least the kindergarten of new consciousness now ... I have high hopes for me. ~ Gwendolyn Brooks

Gwendolyn Brooks was a famous African American poet, whose poems are generally based on the urban life of African Americans who fought against racism and poverty. After publishing her first poem at the age of 14 years, Brooks has continued his studies at Wilson Junior College in 1936 and later participated in writing workshops at the Community Center Art Chicago South Side. Gwendolyn Brooks became the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1950. He also attended the Second Conference on the Black Fisk University in 1967. She has taught at Northeastern Illinois State College, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the City College of City University of New York.



Mae Jemison

Do not let anyone steal your imagination, your creativity or curiosity. This is your place in the world, is his life. Go ahead and do everything you can with it, and to live the life you want. ~ Mae Jemison

Mae Jemison is an African-American doctor and a former NASA astronaut who was the first African American woman to travel in space. After completing his medical internship, Mae Jemison joined the Peace, where she served as medical officer from 1983 to 1985 Corps. She was responsible for the health of volunteers Peace Corps who served in Liberia and Sierra Leone, it was part of the efforts of NASA space shuttle made on September 12, 1992. After his work at NASA, she joined the staff of a medical school and also launched its own technology company.



Oprah Winfrey

We are all responsible for our own life - no other person who is or may be the same. ~ Oprah Winfrey

One of the most influential African Americans, women, Oprah Winfrey, is actually a source of inspiration for many of the immortals, and has touched millions of lives in his work. Oprah has obtained many "first known" for being the first African-American syndicated talk show host, or to be the first African-American woman millionaire. Oprah has her own production company, which is responsible for the Oprah Winfrey Show, O Magazine, Oprah's Angel Network, Oxygen Network, and the famous Oprah Book Club In 1993, Oprah is also a campaign for a special law called "Oprah Bill", which aims to provide a national database of convicted pedophiles. Oprah is a part of several films and television productions. Because of his success that has been able to contribute to social improvement. He always wanted to donate to various causes, particularly the emphasis on education. As part of Oprah's Angel Network, he gives $ 100,000 reward to people who help others a lot. Oprah won the Lifetime Achievement Award, the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in 1998. Time magazine even named him one of the 100 most influential people in 20 century.

Halle Berry Biography-American Actress

Halle Berry is an American actress and the first African American to win an Oscar. A former model, she also won awards as a Golden Globe and Emmi. Beginning his acting career with a "Living Dolls" fleeting television series in 1989, she has come a long way to become one of the most sought after actress in Hollywood.

Halle was born in Columbus, Ohio August 14, 1966 Judith Ann and Jerome Jesse Berry. He was raised by his single mother, having divorced when Halle was just four years. He graduated from Bedford High School and later joined the Cuyahoga Community College to study journalism to send. Finally, he decided to leave his studies in journalism, and chose a modeling career. He joined the acting school in Chicago with a dream of one day becoming an entertainer. He has won numerous beauty pageant competitions, including Miss Teen Ohio, Miss Teen All American Miss United States of America and the world.

Although her acting career began with a television series in 1989, Halle Berry was brought to Hollywood in "Jungle Fever" 1991 Spike Lee film. His first notable performances came in 1995 when she played the character Khaila Richards in the film "Losing Isaiah. In 1998, she received a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award for her portrayal of Dorothy Dandridge in 'Introducing Dorothy Dandridge." She was the first African American woman to win an Oscar in 2001 after she won Best Actress for the movie "Monster Ball".

Halle Berry also played a Bond girl in 2002 James Bond "Die Another Day." Other notable films of his career include "The Flintstones" (1994), "Race the Sun" (1996), "X Men" (2001 ) "X2: X-Men" (2003), "Gothika" (2003), "X-Men: The Last Stand" (2006) and "things we lost in the fire Robots' (2007) The also lent his voice to the animated film in 2005. '.

Halle Berry has won numerous awards, ranging from BAFTA and the Oscars, however, stressed the spirit of the sport in 2005, when he personally received a Razzie Award -. "Catwoman" as the worst talent in the film industry, his Cinema 2005

In 1993, Halle Berry, married to David Justice, a baseball player. After spending three years together, they divorced in 1996. His second marriage was to musician Eric Benet in 2001, but this marriage was short-lived as they separated two years after the year 2003. He is currently dating supermodel Gabriel Aubry. 16. March 2008 gave birth to a daughter, Nahla Ariela Aubry.

She diabetic, Halle Berry, volunteers from the Juvenile Diabetes Association. In 2006, Berry and Hollywood actors, like other Pierce Brosnan and Cindy Crawford won against Cabrillo Port liquefied natural gas that has been proposed on the coast of Malibu.

Halle Berry had her share of controversy as well. It 'was sentenced to 200 hours of community service after he had committed in hit and run case in 2000. In 2001, he sparked controversy by agreeing to the second nude scene movie "Swordfish" movie, after the increase in taxes.

In 2003, the magazine "For Him" ​​classified Halle Berry is the first position in the list of 100 sexiest women in the world, and in 2008 he was named the Sexiest Woman Alive Ensquire Magazine. At 42, this is really a great achievement in this wonderful actress.

Biography of American comedian Jerry Lewis

American comedian Jerry Lewis is remembered by fans for the antics on the screen and telethons to raise money for charity. Lewis, now a victim of muscular dystrophy, shared a successful presence on the screen with the legendary singer and actor Dean Martin ...

Jerry Lewis was born on March 16, 1926. The Hollywood actor, director, film producer and the singer has bagged several awards for his career from organizations such as "The House of Gold" and "Los Angeles Film Critics. His charisma on screen and off- Screen has earned two stars in the "Hollywood Walk of Fame."


Biography of Jerry Lewis:

Joseph Levitch was born in 1926 in Newark, New Jersey. His parents, Daniel and Rachel Levitch Levitch (nee Brodsky), were of Jewish origin were Russians. Joseph took the screen name of Jerry Lewis, spent his father's name "Danny Lewis, a vaudeville actor. His mother was a part of the entertainment industry. Rachel Levitch was a pianist and singer notes. Jerry Lewis gave his first step at the age of five years. When I was fifteen, he had his own record of the law. He was able to mime the words and lyrics popular.

The Jerry Lewis manic gained popularity in the world when he joined with singer Dean Martin, crazy antics soft. The comedy team of Martin and Lewis was a true delight audiences with a synchronized interaction that caused the non-stop laughter. The duo enjoyed the national scene during the 1940's. Much has been signed by the club events, radio, television and live a successful series of Paramount. The popularity of the team was immortalized in "The Adventures of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, published by DC Comics between 1952 and 1957. However, the association has had a sad end as the role of Martin in their emissions have become negligible. partnership officially ended on July 25, 1956. Then, "The Adventures of Jerry Lewis came into the stands until 1971. The couple reconciled in late 1980. Some of his films The kit includes:

* Living It Up (1954)

* You're never too young (1955)

* Hollywood or Bust (1956)

* Artists and Models (1955)

* The Caddy (1953)

* Scared Stiff (1953)

* At war with the army (1950)

* Pardners (1956)

* My Friend Irma (1949)

Lewis remained a star in the Paramount comedy after separation of Martin. Some of his solo films include:

* Delicate Pain (1957)

* Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958)

* Geisha Boy (1958)

* Itchy McRabbitt in Li'l Abner (1959)

* Visit to a Small Planet (1960)

* Bellhop (1960)

* The Ladies Man (1961)

* The errand boy (1961)

* It's only money (1962)

* The Nutty Professor (1963)

* Who takes care of the store? (1963)

* The Patsy (1964)

* The Day the Clown Cried (1972)

Lewis singing career highlights include:

* Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody

* It all depends on you

Jerry Lewis is a well-known Hollywood film industry, innovation and style. He is credited with developing technologies for the use of cameras and monitors to see the scenes of the circuit is described. This technique has become the standard for the film, called "video assist". Jerry Lewis has taught directing at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, for many years and a good mentor for one of these famous student of the University, the George Lucas.

His accomplishments have given the following awards:

* Special Price Photoplay (1952)

* Most Cooperative Actress Golden Apple Award (1954)

* Golden Laurel Award Special - King Comedy (1965)

* Lifetime Achievement Award, American Comedy Awards (1997)

* Price for a career in Los Angeles Film Critics Association (2004)

* Prices of Governors Primetime Emmy Awards (2005)

* Satellite Award for outstanding guest star on Law & Order on TV: Special Victims Unit (2006)

* Induction of New Jersey Hall of Fame (2009)

* Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award 81 Academy Awards (2009)

Today, a victim of muscular dystrophy, Jerry Lewis still uses his art to help the Muscular Dystrophy Association MDA income Jerry Lewis Telethon.

Famous People from Washington

Washington, the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States, the only state that was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, boasts of many famous people who went on to become notable figures in their respective fields. They were the ones who made their nation proud. Washingtonians, as the people of Washington are called, naturally hold great regard for the work of the distinguished people of their state. Here are a few of the very famous people from Washington.

Bill Gates: His name is William Henry Gates. He was born on October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington. His father William Gates, Sr. was a famous lawyer of his time and his mother Mary Maxwell Gates was on the board of directors of First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. His parents had thought of making Gates a lawyer. In 1973, Bill Gates graduated from the Lakeside School and joined the Harvard College. He did not have an exact plan for further studies when at Harvard but after the release of Intel 8080 CPU by Intel, he decided to start a software company. Considering his strong will and determination towards starting up a new company, his parents decided to support him in his decision. He partnered with Paul Allen to start a company and named their partnership as Micro-soft. In no time, Microsoft received a patent from the USPTO. The Microsoft Era had begun! Today he is a business icon and one of the top three richest people of the world. After assuming the posts of CEO and chief software architect in Microsoft, he remains to be the non-executive chairman of Microsoft and moreover one of the greatest entrepreneurs of the computer industry.



Gary Larson: Born on August 14, 1950, Gary was born and brought up in the University Place, Washington. He was a notable cartoonist of America. He was a student of the Curtis Senior High School and later attended the Washington State University to graduate in communications. His older brother Dan led Gary to develop a liking for science. Larson's use of snakes in his cartoons can be attributed to his interest in herpetology. He was working in a music store when he realized he was not interested in that job. He decided to rethink about his career and took a few days off from work. During the leave he drew some cartoons and posted them to different magazines. Soon his work began to be published in newspapers. He is famed for his work, The Far Side. His cartoons were published in various newspapers all over the world. The National Cartoonist Society honored Larson with the Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award in 1985. His achievements in biology include the discovery of a new insect species and a butterfly being named after him. His comic strip, The Far side has been appearing in various newspapers for fourteen long years, earning him name and fame.

George Washington Bush: He was one of the very early American settlers in what is now known as the U.S. State of Washington. He was also the first black settler to be in Washington State. Born around 1778 in Virginia, he was the only child of his parents. He participated in the war of 1812. He worked as a fur trapper and a voyager. He served in the Hudson's Bay Company. When he was a trapper he acquired navigation skills and obtained knowledge of the Western region. He and his family were known for their generosity. Later the Bushes settled in the southwestern region of Puget Sound. This place is Turnwater of today's Washington. They called their settlement as the Bush Prairie. Bush spent his life in Washington. He passed away on April 5, 1863 and was entombed in Thurston County, Washington. He left the world leaving behind a legacy of six sons who walked in his footsteps to carry out social service.











Chester Carlson: Born on February 8, 1906, Chester Carlson was an American inventor and physicist born in Seattle, Washington. Due to the precarious health of both his parents, he had to support his family from an early age. He lost his parents when he was very young. He thought of inventing something to attain economic growth while also focusing on his interests in technology. He earned a degree in physics from the California Institute of Technology and began to serve as a research engineer in the Bell Telephone Laboratories. He always thought about devising a way to produce prints. It took him fifteen long years to bring about the principles of electrophotography, which was later known as xerography. His invention earned him fame and money and brought a revolution to the way people worked. He was a man who rose above his difficulties and made a dream come true.

Famous Women in American Lifetime

America has been one of the front-runners in the aspect of development over the last few centuries, but this development came at a price for some people, especially the women. In a world full of male chauvinists, it was difficult for women to come forward and achieve something which would make them stand out in the crowd. But some women did dare to do 'it', and today people from all-over the world idolize them.

Clara Barton
Clara Barton was an American humanitarian and a nurse, accredited with the formation of American Red Cross. She was born on December 25, 1821 in Massachusetts, United States. She developed an interest in medicine at the very young age of 11 while she was nursing her ailing brother. She played an important role during the American Civil War by helping hundreds of wounded soldiers. In 1862, she started an agency to provide the wounded soldiers with basic supplies. In 1870, while in Europe, Clara came across the International Committee of Red Cross; a neutral agency formed in 1864 to provide humanitarian services to war victims. In 1873, after returning back to the United States, she started working on a project to form the American Red Cross; an organization affiliated to the ICRC. Finally she was successful in convincing the US government the need of having this organization, which would help in war as well as natural disasters. Finally, American Red Cross was formed on May 21, 1881 in Dansville, New York. Barton dedicated the rest of her life to extensive social work such as providing disaster relief after the Sea Islands Hurricane in 1893 and initiating help to the Ottoman Empire after the Hamidian Massacres in 1896. She traveled extensively expanding the base of the American Red Cross throughout the world and opened its first headquarters in Beijing, China. She died on April 12, 1912 in Maryland, United States at the age of 90.

Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt was a prominent author, speaker and politician born in New York on October 11, 1884. Co-founder of Freedom House, she was a firm advocate of Civil Rights, and an ardent supporter of the formation of the United Nations. Initially being tutored privately at home, Eleanor joined the Allenswood Academy in London at the age of 15. She married Franklin Roosevelt on March 17, 1905 at the age of 20. The couple gave birth to 6 children of which one died in infancy. In 1921, when Franklin suffered a paralytic attack, Eleanor proved to be a suitable substitute for the Democrats in New York. Her active participation in the campaign ensured that Franklin Roosevelt became the 44th Governor of New York and eventually the 32nd President of the United States. Being the wife of the President she served as the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. During her tenure in the White House, she supported many initiatives such as the Morgenthau Plan; to occupy Germany in the post-war period. Even after the death of her husband in 1945, Eleanor was very active in the United States political scene. In 1946, she was appointed delegate to United Nations General Assembly by the President Harry Thurman. She played an important role in drafting the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She received 48 honorary degrees in her life. Eleanor Roosevelt died on November 7, 1962 at the age of 78, in Manhattan.

Grace Hopper
Grace Hopper, often called Amazing Grace, was an American Computer scientist and a Naval officer. She was born on December 9, 1906 in New York. She is accredited with the development of first compiler for a computer programming language. Grace attended Hartridge School in New Jersey before joining the Vassar College, where she completed her Bachelors in Mathematics and Physics in 1928. She completed her post graduation in 1930 and her PhD in Mathematics from Yale University in 1934 before joining Vassar College as a teacher. During her tenure at Vassar College, she got a call to join the United States Navy Reserve. After graduating in 1944, she was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard University as a Lieutenant, junior grade. In 1949, she joined Eckert - Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and was a part of the team which developed UNIVAC I. Grace took retirement from Navy Reserve twice; in 1966 and 1972, but was recalled on both occasions. In 1973, she was promoted to the designation of Captain and in 1983, to the designation of Commodore by special Presidential appointment. She was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal on her retirement in 1986. After her service in navy, she joined Digital Equipment Corporation as a senior consultant. She passed away on January 1, 1992.

Helen Keller
Helen Keller was an American author and a social activist born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Tragedy struck the Keller family when a mysterious disease left Helen deaf and blind when she was just 19 months old. Keller found a companion in Anne Sullivan, who thought her to communicate by spelling words on the hand. She also learnt the Braille script and began to read languages such as French, German and Latin other then English. In 1900, she joined Radcliffe College and completed her graduation in 1902, thus becoming the first deaf and blind person to get a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1915, she started the Helen Keller International Organization. She played an important role in starting the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920. A member of the Socialist Party, she supported the Socialist candidate; Eugene Debs for his Presidential campaign. Helen had friends from all walks of life. Mark Twain, Charlie Chaplin, Alexander Graham Bell were a few of them. Helen wrote her autobiography; The Story of My Life, at the age of 22. She has authored 12 books in her lifetime. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964 and inducted in the National Womens' Hall of Fame in 1965. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968.